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OJVRTM
Online Journal of Veterinary Research©
(Including Medical
and Laboratory Research)
Established 1994
ISSN 1328-925X
Volume 30 (3): 176-186,
2026.
“Article Review: Histopathological Alterations as Biomarkers of Disease
Progression:
Cellular, Molecular, and Tissue-Level Perspectives”,
Mustafa A.K. ALTaie
Department of Biology, College of
Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
ABSTRACT
Mustafa AK ALTaie., Article Review: Histopathological Alterations
as Biomarkers of Disease Progression: Cellular, Molecular, and Tissue-Level
Perspectives. Onl J Vet Res., 30 (3): 176-186, 2026. Histopathology
is no longer a morphology-based diagnosis but has become morpho-protein-molecular diagnostics for tissues and
requires evaluation of ontophylogenesis in
architectural patterns, protein expression levels and molecular alterations
during pathological conditions. Histopathological changes are the result of
accumulated interactions between genes, epigenetics,
metabolism and microenvironment during disease. These changes which include
nuclear atypia and abnormal mitotic activity, as well as remodeling
of stroma and infiltration by immune cells are powerful markers of
biological aggressiveness and clinical course. This review is aimed at
providing an updated overview of the role of histopathological features as
biomarkers in: (i) neoplastic, (ii) inflammatory and
(iii) degenerative entities, focusing on cellular, tissue and immunohistochemical point levels with a few insights into
the molecular dimension. This is complemented at the cytological level, by high
pleomorphism and chromatin irregularities, apoptosis
and necrosis presence and by modifications of proliferative indices of germinal
centers which are indicative of pathologic
transformation and progression. Tissue biomarkers - architectural
disorder, basement membrane invasion, angiogenesis, fibrosis and extracellular
matrix remodelling - also represent a dynamic cross-talk between diseased cells
and their microenvironment. Immunohistochemistry has significantly increased
the interpretive power of histopathology since patterns of protein
expression associated with tissue-defined proliferation, genomic instability,
differentiation and therapeutic dependency can be discerned at the spatial
resolution level. On the other hand, recent advances in molecular pathology
also revealed strong associations between certain genetic alterations and
specific histomorphological phenotypes, underlining
that microscopic tissue patterns represent no more than phenotypic reflections
of underlying molecular events. In general, histopathological alterations
are important biomarkers linking together structure and function
(morphology/molecular biology) and thus, provide significant inferences
regarding the pathogenesis of disease. Further modality integration and
technology innovation will contribute to their more application in precision medicine,
prognosis and translation. The significance of histopathology as a dynamic and
evolving framework for biomarker strategies in current biomedical
research is highlighted by this review.
Key words: Histopathology, biomarker, disease.
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